The Law for Restoration of Professional Civil Service (April 7, 1933) excluded all non-Aryans from the civil service and from teaching positions. On the same day, The Law Regarding Admission to the Legal Profession excluded all “non-Aryans” from the practice of law, and on April 22, Jewish physicians were banned from the practice of medicine.
The campaign included destruction of literature by Jews and other “non-German” authors. In May 1933, anti-Semitic students from Berlin University stormed the school’s libraries and seized 20,000 literary works by Jews and others and burned them in the public square.
For the next 10 days, the same scene was repeated at other universities throughout the country. By May 20, more than 500 tons of books had been destroyed.
At this same time, signs sprang up at entrances to towns, restaurants, hotels: “Jews Not Wanted Here,” “Entry Forbidden to Jews.” In May 1933, Munich posted signs outside of town proclaiming “Jews Not Wanted.”
The beards of Jewish men were forcibly cut off in public. Beatings of Jews became the norm.
On September 22, 1933, the Law Regarding Establishment of a Reich Chamber of Culture began the process of officially purging Jews from the arts. Goebbels stripped works of art by Jews from German museums and placed them in exhibitions of so-called “degenerate art”—“art influenced by Jews and Negroes.”
Playwrights, painters, composers and jazz artists were blacklisted and their works destroyed. Among this group were pre-eminent artists including painter Paul Klee; pioneer German expressionist sculptor and writer Ernst Barlach; and novelist Thomas Mann.
In 1935, Hitler enacted the infamous Nuremberg Laws, which robbed Jews of their citizenship, civil rights and all other protections properly extended to citizens by the state.
In 1936 came the Decree Denying Jews the Right to Vote.
In April 1938 was the Decree Against Aiding in Concealment of Ownership of Jewish Enterprises, requiring businesses to affirm that there was no “Jewish influence” in the company.
November 9-10, 1938, was the turning point into nationwide violence—Kristallnacht (Crystal Night), orchestrated by Goebbels and named for the ankle-deep shattered glass from the 7,500 Jewish stores and businesses that were destroyed and the 264 synagogues that were burned across Germany. More than 100 Jews were killed and 30,000 banished to concentration camps in this night of violence that sent the unmistakable message to Jews that there was no place for them in Germany.
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Germany: The Lessons Not Learned
by Linda Simmons Hight continued...
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